What causes Down syndrome?
Individuals with Down syndrome usually have an extra copy of chromosome 21. Although some cases may have a slightly different cause, all cases involve chromosome 21. Down syndrome occurs in about 1 in every 700 to 1,000 births. The chance of giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome increases if the mother is over 35 years old. Down syndrome affects both males and females of all ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. It is the most prevalent chromosomal cause of intellectual disability, and most cases are not familial (heritable).
What are the effects of Down syndrome?
Down syndrome results in higher-than-normal risks for many medical conditions, most notably congenital heart disease (most correctable by surgery), hearing and vision impairments, gastrointestinal problems, leukemia, and Alzheimer’s disease. It is characterized by an expected life span (55 to 60 years on average) that, although shorter than the general population, has quintupled over the last century. Persons with Down syndrome should see a physician to monitor these medical conditions.
Individuals with Down syndrome have distinctive cognitive, language, and behavioral profiles. In general, they have higher levels of adaptive behavior (e.g., self-care, getting along with others) than of intelligence. For most persons with the syndrome, expressive language, grammar, and speech articulation are particularly challenging. Most individuals are able to function successfully in integrated school, living, and work environments.
Can Down syndrome be treated?
Early intervention is the best treatment for young children with Down syndrome. Children should begin physical therapy and developmental education as soon as possible. With appropriate supports, students with Down syndrome can be educated in general education classrooms with typically developing peers. High-quality early intervention, education, and supports for work and community living enable most individuals with Down syndrome to live long, productive lives.
What are the special needs of my family?
Family supports are helpful. Membership in organizations such as a local Down Syndrome Association chapter or The Arc helps families connect with others facing similar issues across the life span. Training programs are available to help parents understand special education law and to become effective advocates for their children. Support groups may be helpful to siblings or other family members. A broad range of adult community services are available, including centers for independent living and self-advocacy programs.
‣ VKC Resources
- Next Steps at Vanderbilt University
- StudyFinder
- TABS – Tennessee Adult Brothers and Sisters
- Tennessee Disability Pathfinder
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Reading Clinic
‣ Local and National Resources
- Best Buddies
- Down Syndrome Association of Middle Tennessee
- Down Syndrome Clinic
- Health Library, Jr. League Family Resource Center
- International Mosaic Down Syndrome Association
- KidsHealth information for kids, teens, and parents
- National Down Syndrome Congress
- National Down Syndrome Society
- STEP (Support & Training for Exceptional Parents)
- The Arc Tennessee
- The Arc US
- Tennessee Developmental Disabilities Network
Top photo by Getty Images/iStockphoto
[December 2018]